An Evidence-Based Analysis of "Structured Water": A Scientific Review of Its Properties, Mechanisms, and Purported Health Benefits

Executive Summary

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "structured water," a subject prompted by an inquiry into the website https://ydrotek.com/. The initial investigation reveals that the specified domain is inaccessible and that the "Hydrotek" brand name is used by numerous, unaffiliated companies across disparate industrial sectors, including high-pressure cleaning systems, automated plumbing fixtures, and municipal engineering. None of these entities are primarily focused on the wellness-oriented water technology that appears to be the user's underlying interest.

Consequently, this report pivots to an in-depth examination of "structured water"—also marketed as hexagonal, vortexed, or Exclusion Zone (EZ) water. Proponents, chiefly citing the work of Dr. Gerald Pollack, claim that water can exist in a "fourth phase" with a unique hexagonal molecular arrangement and a chemical formula of $H_3O_2$. This water is purported to be created through methods like vortexing or exposure to infrared light and is claimed to offer extraordinary health benefits, including superior hydration, increased energy, enhanced detoxification, and anti-aging effects.

A systematic review of the evidence supporting these claims finds it to be scientifically unsubstantiated. The theoretical foundation of structured water directly contradicts fundamental principles of chemistry and physics. The proposed $H_3O_2$ formula is not recognized as a stable substance, and the concept of a long-lived, ordered molecular structure in liquid water is physically impossible due to the transient nature of hydrogen bonds, which break and reform on a picosecond timescale.

The medical evidence consists of a small number of animal studies, often with significant conflicts of interest, and a few low-quality human studies that lack essential controls, rendering their findings unreliable. The marketing of structured water devices relies heavily on anecdotal testimonials and misinterprets legitimate scientific phenomena to create a veneer of credibility.

In conclusion, the concept of structured water is not supported by the scientific and medical communities and is widely characterized as pseudoscience. While the direct physical risk of consuming water from these devices is likely low, they present a significant financial risk to consumers and an indirect health risk should individuals forgo proven medical treatments in favor of these products. Consumers are advised to focus on established water purification methods and maintain hydration with regular, clean water.

Section 1: The "YdroTek" Inquiry: An Ambiguous Corporate Landscape

The initial query centered on the entity associated with the domain https://ydrotek.com/. A thorough investigation into this name and domain reveals a complex and fragmented corporate landscape, which necessitates clarification before addressing the underlying technological and health-related questions.

1.1 Investigation of the Target Domain (ydrotek.com)

Direct attempts to access the website at https://ydrotek.com/ have confirmed that the domain is inaccessible.1 Further searches using web caching and archival tools, such as the Wayback Machine, did not yield any significant historical data for a company at this specific address that markets or sells "structured water" devices.2 This lack of a digital footprint suggests several possibilities: the company may be defunct, the URL provided may be incorrect, or the entity was a minor operation that was not widely indexed by web crawlers. The inaccessibility of the primary target prevents a direct analysis of its specific products and claims.

1.2 Deconstruction of the "Hydrotek" Brand: A Multi-Industry Overview

The name "Hydrotek," along with its phonetic and orthographic variations (e.g., YdroTek, Hidrotek, Hydrotech), is not a unique identifier for a single company. Instead, it is used by a multitude of distinct, international corporations operating in fundamentally different industries. This widespread use creates considerable potential for brand confusion, a phenomenon that may have led to the initial query. The name itself, a portmanteau of "hydro" (water) and "technology," is generic enough to be applied to any water-related business. This has resulted in a market where a consumer seeking a wellness product might encounter information about industrial machinery, and vice-versa. This ambiguity can be leveraged in marketing, where a pseudoscientific wellness product might adopt a technical-sounding name to borrow an aura of industrial legitimacy from unrelated, established engineering firms. The user's query itself is a testament to this potential for confusion. To resolve this ambiguity, the following table profiles the prominent, yet unrelated, entities operating under this name.

Table 1.1: Profile of Companies Operating Under the "Hydrotek" Name

As the table demonstrates, none of these established "Hydrotek" entities are primarily engaged in the marketing of "structured water" for wellness purposes. Their products are based on conventional, well-understood principles of mechanical engineering, plumbing, and chemical water treatment like ion exchange and reverse osmosis.

1.3 Transition to the Implicit Query: The Technology of "Structured Water"

Given the inaccessibility of the target domain and the industrial nature of the various "Hydrotek" companies, it is highly probable that the user's query was a proxy for an interest in a specific category of alternative health technology. The broader research corpus consistently points toward the concept of "structured water" as the true subject of inquiry.20 This term, along with its synonyms, is central to a niche wellness market that promotes devices claiming to alter the molecular properties of water for health benefits. Therefore, the remainder of this report will provide a thorough, evidence-based analysis of the science, mechanisms, and health claims associated with structured water.

Section 2: The Scientific Theory of Structured Water (Proponent's Viewpoint)

To understand the debate surrounding structured water, it is essential to first present the theoretical framework as articulated by its proponents. This framework is constructed upon a narrative that modern, processed water has been "damaged" and stripped of its natural, life-giving properties. The technologies and concepts are thus framed as a means of restoring water to a pristine state that has been lost. This appeal to a romanticized natural ideal is a powerful element of its marketing, often more persuasive than the scientific arguments themselves.24

2.1 Defining Structured Water: Terminology and Core Concepts

Proponents use a variety of interchangeable terms to describe their concept, including structured water, hexagonal water, coherent water, Exclusion Zone (EZ) water, magnetized water, and crystalline water.23 The central premise is that water can exist in a stable "fourth phase," distinct from solid, liquid, and gas.22 This phase is characterized by a highly organized, liquid-crystalline structure where water molecules are arranged in a repeating hexagonal lattice.20

This ordered water is claimed to be identical to the water found in idealized natural sources like pristine mountain springs, flowing rivers, and glacier melt.22 It is also asserted that the water within the cells of living organisms is naturally in this structured state.23 In stark contrast, tap water, bottled water, and water that has passed through filters or straight pipes are described as "unstructured," "depleted," or "uninformed," having lost their natural coherence and energy.21

2.2 The Foundational Research of Dr. Gerald Pollack: The "Fourth Phase of Water"

The primary scientific authority cited in nearly all literature promoting structured water is Dr. Gerald Pollack, a professor of bioengineering at the University of Washington.21 His research, detailed in his book

The Fourth Phase of Water, forms the cornerstone of the theory.31

Dr. Pollack's key experimental observation is the formation of what he terms an "Exclusion Zone" (EZ) in water adjacent to hydrophilic (water-loving) surfaces.23 In his experiments, this zone, which can extend hundreds of microns from the surface, appears to physically exclude suspended microspheres, solutes, and other particles.23 Pollack's interpretation of this observation is radical: he posits that the water within the EZ has transformed into the stable, ordered "fourth phase." He describes this EZ water as having a layered, hexagonal, liquid-crystalline structure.29 This misappropriation of a legitimate, albeit complex, scientific observation at an interface to propose a new bulk phase of matter is a critical point of contention, creating a veneer of credibility that is difficult for a non-expert to parse.

2.3 Proposed Physical and Chemical Properties: A Departure from Conventional $H_2O$

The theory of structured water makes claims that represent a fundamental departure from established chemistry and physics.

• A New Chemical Formula: Perhaps the most extraordinary claim is that the chemical formula for structured water is $H_3O_2$, not $H_2O$.20 This assertion implies that the process of "structuring" water does not merely rearrange existing molecules but creates an entirely new chemical substance.
• Distinct Physical Characteristics: This purported $H_3O_2$ water is described as having physical properties different from bulk water. It is claimed to be denser, more viscous (thicker), and more alkaline.20
• Energy Storage and the "Water Battery": A crucial element of the theory is the concept of energy storage. According to Pollack, the formation of the hexagonal EZ layer involves the dissociation of water molecules. This process is said to create a separation of charge, leaving the EZ water with a strong negative charge and the adjacent bulk water with a complementary positive charge.21 This charge separation establishes an electrical potential, effectively turning the water into a "battery." Proponents claim this water battery can be charged by absorbing ambient radiant energy, particularly infrared light from sources like the sun.21 This stored energy is then believed to be transferable to the body upon consumption.

2.4 Purported Mechanisms of Formation

Several methods are promoted as being capable of transforming ordinary, "unstructured" water into structured, "living" water.

• Vortexing: The most common and widely marketed method is vortexing—creating a whirlpool or spiral motion in the water.20 This process is said to mimic the natural, turbulent flow of water in streams and waterfalls. The physical agitation is claimed to aerate the water, increase dissolved oxygen, raise its pH by releasing volatile compounds like dissolved carbon dioxide, and, most critically, realign the water molecules into the desired hexagonal structure.20
• Energy Exposure: Direct exposure of water to various forms of energy is also claimed to induce structure. This includes sunlight (both UV and infrared wavelengths), as well as static or dynamic magnetic fields.22
• Other Methods: A variety of other techniques are also suggested, often rooted in alternative wellness practices. These include storing water in bottles containing specific crystals or gemstones (like quartz or amethyst) or using vessels made of copper.29

Section 3: Analysis of Purported Health Benefits and Supporting Evidence

The proponents of structured water attribute a vast and diverse array of health benefits to its consumption. However, a critical evaluation of the evidence used to support these claims reveals a significant gap between the marketing assertions and the standards of rigorous scientific and medical validation. The promotional strategy for structured water effectively inverts the scientific pyramid of evidence, prioritizing broad, top-level health claims and supporting them with the weakest forms of data, such as anecdotes and flawed studies, rather than building a case from foundational science up to robust clinical trials.

3.1 Catalogue of Health Claims

The list of purported benefits is extensive and covers nearly every aspect of human physiology. Key claims include:

• Enhanced Hydration and Nutrient Absorption: The most central claim is that structured water is more "bioavailable." Its organized molecular structure is said to penetrate cell membranes more efficiently, leading to superior hydration and better delivery of nutrients compared to regular water.20
• Increased Energy and Performance: Consumption is claimed to boost energy levels, reduce fatigue, and improve athletic performance and endurance.27
• Detoxification and Immune Support: Structured water is said to aid the body in flushing toxins and waste products more effectively, while also supporting a healthy immune system.20
• Metabolic and Anti-Aging Benefits: Proponents claim it can help stabilize blood sugar, promote weight loss, improve skin complexion, slow the aging process, and ultimately promote a longer life.23
• General Wellness: Other cited benefits include improved digestion, better sleep, enhanced memory and concentration, and reduced constipation.27

3.2 Review of Preclinical and Animal Studies

The most frequently cited scientific evidence in favor of structured water comes from preclinical and animal studies. A 2021 review article is often referenced as a key piece of supporting literature.37

• Reported Findings: This review summarizes two decades of research, primarily on "magnetized" water, and concludes that animal models consistently demonstrate positive biological responses. These include increased rates of growth, reduced markers of oxidative stress, improved glycemic and insulinemic responses in diabetic rats, improved blood lipid profiles, and enhanced semen quality.37 A 2013 study on diabetic rats is a specific example, which reported that magnetized water appeared to decrease blood glucose levels and reduce DNA damage in the blood and liver.27
• Critical Appraisal: While these findings may seem compelling, they are subject to significant limitations. The 2021 review itself acknowledges that the underlying biological mechanisms are unknown and that most of the research was conducted on water treated with magnetic fields, which is said to have a structure of only short duration.37 More importantly, a critical disclosure reveals a major conflict of interest: the review was conducted as part of a contract between The Nutraceutical Alliance and Defiance Brands, Inc., a company that sells structured water.27 Such industry-funded research must be interpreted with extreme caution, as it is prone to bias. The results have not been widely replicated by independent researchers.

3.3 Assessment of Available Human Studies

The body of evidence from human trials is exceptionally sparse and of low scientific quality. The few studies that exist are plagued by methodological flaws that prevent any firm conclusions from being drawn.

• Studies Lacking Control Groups: Several studies cited by proponents lack a placebo control group, a fundamental requirement for valid clinical research. Without a control group, it is impossible to distinguish a real effect from the placebo effect or other confounding variables. Examples include:

• A 2017 study reporting that magnetized water used as a mouthwash reduced levels of Streptococcus mutans, a bacteria linked to tooth decay.27
• A 2023 study claiming a topical lotion containing 95% magnetized saline water increased hair count in men with hair loss.27
• A 2023 study asserting that a facial serum with 93% magnetized saline water improved skin hydration and reduced redness.27 In the latter two studies, the presence of other active ingredients in the formulations further confounds the results.

• The Korotkov et al. (2019) Pilot Study: This is one of the few human studies with a control group.38 The study involved 15 subjects in an experimental group drinking structured water for a month and 15 subjects in a control group drinking regular water. It reported that the experimental group experienced a significant reduction in body fat mass and showed improved markers of kidney function (decreased creatinine and increased glomerular filtration).38 However, this was a small pilot study. The water was "structured" using a commercial "energy wellness" product (Amezcua Bio Disc 3), and the study was published in a journal that is not considered high-impact within the medical community. Its findings are preliminary at best and would require independent replication in a much larger, more rigorously designed trial to be considered credible.
• Studies on "Analemma Water": A series of studies promoted by the manufacturer of a specific commercial product, the "Analemma wand," make extraordinary claims, including a nearly threefold increase in cellular ATP (energy), a reversal of biological age by an average of 3.79 years in three months, and a 17% improvement in gut dysbiosis.40 These claims are presented on commercial and wellness-oriented websites. Without publication in reputable, peer-reviewed scientific journals where methodology and data can be scrutinized, these results must be treated as marketing material, not as independent scientific evidence.

3.4 The Role of Anecdotal Evidence and Commercial Testimonials

In the absence of robust clinical data, companies marketing structured water devices, such as Atla Water, rely heavily on customer testimonials.21 These testimonials often describe subjective improvements in health, such as reduced acid reflux, glowing skin, more energy, and better hydration.21 While these personal experiences may be genuine for the individuals reporting them, they do not constitute scientific evidence. Such reports are highly susceptible to the placebo effect, confirmation bias, and the influence of other concurrent lifestyle changes (e.g., simply drinking more water of any kind). Anecdotal evidence cannot establish a causal link between the product and the reported health outcome.

Section 4: A Critical Scientific and Medical Counter-Analysis

While proponents have constructed an elaborate theoretical framework for structured water, it stands in direct opposition to the foundational principles of modern chemistry, physics, and biology. The mainstream scientific consensus overwhelmingly rejects the claims associated with structured water, characterizing the field as pseudoscience. This section deconstructs the core claims from the perspective of established science.

4.1 The Chemical Perspective: The $H_3O_2$ Formula and the Nature of $H_2O$

The central claim that structured water has a stable chemical formula of $H_3O_2$ is chemically untenable. The molecular formula for water is, unequivocally, $H_2O$, signifying that each molecule consists of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.27 This has been a cornerstone of chemistry for over two centuries.

A substance with the formula $H_3O_2$ has never been isolated or identified as a stable compound by chemists.27 If such a species were to form, it would likely be a highly reactive and unstable radical, not a form of water. It would be a different substance with different properties, and there is no evidence that it can be created by simply swirling or magnetizing water.32 The assertion that

$H_3O_2$ is a "phase" of water is a fundamental misrepresentation of chemical principles.

4.2 The Physics Perspective: The Transient Nature of Hydrogen Bonds and Water Clusters

The idea that water molecules can be locked into a stable, persistent hexagonal structure in a liquid state is physically impossible. Liquid water's properties are defined by the constant, chaotic motion of its molecules and the dynamic nature of the hydrogen bonds that form between them.27

While it is true that water molecules form transient, short-range ordered clusters, these structures are incredibly fleeting.43 Hydrogen bonds in liquid water are continuously breaking and reforming on timescales of femtoseconds to picoseconds (a picosecond is one trillionth of a second).43 Any externally imposed "structure"—whether from a vortex or a magnetic field—would dissipate almost instantaneously due to the thermal energy and random motion of the molecules.32 The notion that a specific structure could be created, bottled, survive the journey through the digestive system, and be delivered intact to the body's cells defies the fundamental laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that govern liquids.

4.3 The Biological Perspective: Cellular Water Transport and Homeostasis

The claim that structured water provides superior hydration because its hexagonal "clusters" are more easily absorbed by cells is contrary to our understanding of cellular biology. Water transport across cell membranes is not a passive process of clusters diffusing through. It is primarily mediated by specialized protein channels known as aquaporins.46

These channels are extremely narrow and function by allowing water molecules to pass through in a single-file line, one molecule at a time.44 This process explicitly breaks up any hydrogen-bonded clusters. Therefore, a large, stable hexagonal cluster, if it could even exist, would be far too large to enter a cell via an aquaporin and would first need to be broken down into individual

$H_2O$ molecules. The premise of enhanced absorption via clusters is biologically implausible.

4.4 Mainstream Scientific Consensus and Characterization as Pseudsocience

The scientific community does not recognize "structured water" as a real phenomenon in the way it is marketed. The concept is widely regarded as pseudoscience, a "marketing scam," or "water woo" that exploits scientific terminology to deceive consumers who may have a limited understanding of chemistry and physics.42

It is telling that the primary "evidence" for structured water comes from a handful of researchers operating outside the scientific mainstream, books aimed at a popular audience, and marketing materials from companies selling related products. There is a conspicuous absence of research supporting these claims in high-impact, peer-reviewed scientific journals. Furthermore, regulatory bodies responsible for public health, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO), do not recognize or endorse any of the health claims made for structured water.49

The core of the issue can be understood as a "Pollack Paradox." Dr. Pollack's laboratory has observed a real physical phenomenon—the Exclusion Zone. This is not in dispute. The pseudoscience arises from the subsequent steps: first, Pollack's radical and unproven interpretation of that phenomenon as a new phase of water with a new chemical formula; and second, the marketing extrapolation of that unproven theory into a host of unproven health benefits.32 Mainstream science offers more mundane explanations for the EZ phenomenon, such as diffusiophoresis, that do not require inventing a new phase of water.50

Table 4.1: Comparison of Structured Water Claims vs. Established Scientific Principles

Section 5: Commercial Devices and Market Applications

The theories and claims surrounding structured water have been translated into a range of consumer products. These devices often employ a "piggyback" strategy, bundling the unsubstantiated claims of "structuring" with plausible, conventional functions like filtration or aeration. This can make the entire product seem more credible, as a consumer who experiences a real benefit (e.g., better-tasting water due to chlorine removal) may incorrectly attribute it to the pseudoscientific mechanism.

5.1 Case Study: Vortex-Based Water Pitchers (e.g., Mayu Swirl)

• Description: A common product category is the vortexing pitcher or carafe. The Mayu Swirl, for example, is a glass pitcher that sits on a base containing a mechanism to create a continuous whirlpool or vortex in the water.20
• Claimed Mechanism and Analysis: The primary claim is that the vortex motion restructures the water into its hexagonal, energized form. Secondary claims include aerating the water, infusing it with oxygen, raising its pH, and helping volatile compounds like chlorine to dissipate.20
  
  The secondary claims have a basis in physics. Agitating any liquid in an open container increases its surface area of contact with the air. This will facilitate gas exchange, allowing dissolved gases like chlorine to escape and atmospheric gases like oxygen to dissolve into the water.51 This aeration can indeed improve the taste and odor of chlorinated tap water. However, this is a simple physical process, not a mystical "revitalization." The central, and most important, claim—that this motion creates a stable, healthier molecular structure—remains entirely unsubstantiated, as detailed in Section 4.

5.2 Case Study: Under-Sink Revitalizer Systems (e.g., Atla Water)

• Description: More complex and expensive systems are designed for under-sink installation. The Atla Water System, for instance, combines multi-stage filtration with a proprietary "Revitalizer™" module.21
• Claimed Mechanism and Analysis: The system is marketed as a multi-step process. First, it uses conventional filtration media to remove contaminants like PFAS, chlorine, and lead, while intentionally preserving beneficial minerals.21 This is a standard function of many high-quality water filters. Then, the filtered water passes through the "Revitalizer™" module, which employs a series of primary and secondary vortexes and a resting period to mimic a "mountain stream" and create energized, structured water.21
  
  Here, the piggyback strategy is clear. The device provides a legitimate, verifiable benefit—the removal of harmful contaminants. However, it packages this with the unsubstantiated claim of "revitalization" through vortexing. The marketing relies heavily on subjective descriptions of taste ("lighter," "softer") and a large collection of customer testimonials detailing a wide range of health improvements, for which no clinical evidence is provided.21

5.3 Evaluating the Distinction: "Wellness" Vortexing vs. Industrial Vortex Applications

It is crucial to distinguish the pseudoscientific use of the term "vortex" in wellness products from its legitimate application in engineering and industrial water treatment.

• Legitimate Engineering Use: In municipal and industrial water treatment, vortex flows are a well-understood and widely used engineering tool. Vortex reactors are designed to create powerful hydraulic mixing for dispersing chemicals, or to promote flocculation—the process where small, suspended particles collide and clump together into larger flocs that can be more easily settled out or filtered.52 Vortex-based systems are also used in wastewater treatment and for managing water flow in hydraulic structures.53 These applications leverage the macroscopic physical forces of a vortex to manipulate particles and fluids; they make no claims about altering the fundamental molecular structure of water itself.
• Pseudoscience Co-option: The "wellness" devices co-opt this legitimate engineering term but apply it to a completely different and unproven concept. They claim that the macro-level spiral motion of water can directly impart a stable, new structure at the angstrom scale of individual molecules.25 There is no scientific evidence or plausible physical mechanism to support this leap from large-scale fluid dynamics to persistent molecular rearrangement.

Section 6: Expert Conclusion and Recommendations

After a thorough review of the claims, scientific theories, and available evidence, a clear and definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding structured water and its associated products.

6.1 Synthesis of Findings: The Evidentiary Gap Between Claim and Reality

There exists a profound and unbridgeable gap between the extraordinary health claims made for structured water and the body of scientific evidence. The concept is built upon a foundation that is fundamentally at odds with established principles of chemistry, physics, and biology.

• The core theories—the existence of a stable $H_3O_2$ molecule in water and the persistence of a liquid-crystalline hexagonal structure—are not supported by evidence and contradict over a century of scientific understanding.
• The evidence presented by proponents fails to meet the standards of scientific and medical validation. It relies on a small number of animal studies with significant conflicts of interest, a handful of low-quality human studies with critical methodological flaws (such as the absence of control groups), and a large volume of anecdotal testimonials that are scientifically unreliable.
• The mainstream scientific community overwhelmingly dismisses the concept of structured water as pseudoscience.

6.2 Assessment of Health Risks and Benefits

• Benefits: There are no scientifically proven health benefits of drinking "structured water" that extend beyond the universal benefits of adequate hydration obtained from consuming any source of clean, safe water. The many positive experiences reported by users are most likely attributable to a combination of the placebo effect, a renewed focus on health, and the simple act of increasing their daily water intake. Some devices may improve the taste of tap water by aerating it and allowing chlorine to dissipate, a minor aesthetic benefit that does not require a pseudoscientific explanation.
• Risks: While the products themselves may not be harmful, they present several indirect risks:

• Direct Physical Risk: The risk of direct physical harm from consuming water processed by these devices is likely negligible, assuming the device is made from food-safe materials and does not introduce contaminants into the water.
• Financial Risk: Structured water devices are often sold at a significant premium over standard water pitchers or filters, representing a substantial financial investment for no proven additional benefit.45 This constitutes the most direct and certain risk to the consumer.
• Indirect Health Risk: The most serious potential risk lies in the possibility that an individual with a genuine medical condition might be persuaded by the marketing claims to delay or reject proven, effective medical treatments in favor of drinking structured water. This substitution of an unproven modality for evidence-based medicine could lead to adverse health outcomes.

6.3 Recommendations for the Health-Conscious Consumer

For individuals seeking to optimize their health through water consumption, the focus should remain on water quality and quantity, based on established scientific principles.

1. Prioritize Purity: The primary concern for drinking water should be the absence of harmful contaminants. Consumers are advised to invest in proven, certified water purification technologies. Systems based on reverse osmosis, activated carbon filtration, or distillation are effective at removing a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals, chlorine, pesticides, and microorganisms.16
2. Ensure Adequate Hydration: Medical research has long supported the critical role of adequate hydration in overall health. Drinking sufficient quantities of regular, clean water supports digestion, nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and countless other bodily functions.24 The claims that "structured water" offers superior hydration are unsubstantiated.
3. Apply Critical Skepticism: Consumers should approach wellness products that make extraordinary health claims with a high degree of skepticism. The absence of high-quality, independent, peer-reviewed human clinical trials published in reputable medical journals is a significant red flag.29 Claims that appear to violate fundamental laws of science should be regarded with particular suspicion.
4. Final Recommendation: The marketing claims associated with structured water should be disregarded. Resources are better allocated toward proven methods of water purification and the simple, effective health practice of maintaining consistent hydration with clean, safe drinking water.

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